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Thermal Solar Collector: Flat-Plate

 Flat-Plate collectors comprise of an insulated, weatherproof box containing a dark absorber plate under one or more  transparent or translucent covers. Water or heat conducting fluid passes through pipes located below the absorber  plate. As the fluid flows through the pipes it is heated.

 Solar water heating systems (SWHS) can be either active or passive. An active system uses an electric pump to  circulate the fluid through the collector; a passive system has no pump and relies on thermo-siphoning to circulate  water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on the type and size of the system, the  amount of sun available at the site, installation angle and orientation.

 SWHS are also characterized as open loop (also called "direct") or closed loop (also called "indirect"). An open-loop  system circulates household (potable) water through the collector. A closed-loop system uses a heat-transfer fluid  (water or diluted antifreeze) to collect heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to the household water.

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